| In vitro: |
| J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol.,2012 Jan;26(1):16-22. | | Sudan III dye strongly induces CYP1A1 mRNA expression in HepG2 cells.[Pubmed: 22287322 ] | Sudan dyes possess a high affinity to the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and potently induce its target genes, such as cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1, through unknown mechanisms.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We investigated a detailed event occurring in cells after binding of Sudan dye to AHR in HepG2 cells. Treatment with 10 µM Sudan III caused rapid translocation of AHR into the nucleus and increased expression levels of human CYP1A1 mRNA by approximately 20-fold after 16 and 24 h. The transactivation was due to the activation of a region located at -1137 to +59 bp from CYP1A1, in particular, four xenobiotic responsive elements (XREs) existing in the region.
CONCLUSIONS:
AHR and the Ah receptor nuclear translocator interacted with XRE sequences in a gel shift assay using nuclear extract from Sudan III--treated HepG2 cells. Moreover, we suggest that constitutive androstane receptor could modify CYP1A1 transactivation by Sudan III. | | Japanese Journal of Toxicology & Environmental Health, 1985, 31(2):79-86. | | Mutagenic activities of commercial Sudan III and Scarlet red are due to impurities.[Reference: WebLink] |
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Commercial samples and pure chemical samples of Sudan III (C. I. 26100) and Scarlet Red (C. I. 26105) were tested for mutagenic activities in the Ames test. Three out of five commercial samples of Sudan III were mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 in the presence of S9 mix, and all of the commercial samples of Scarlet Red tested were mutagenic to the two strains with microsomal activation. Neither of the purified dyes, however, was mutagenic to these strains with or without S9 mix.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results demonstrate that contaminants present in these commercial diazodyes were responsible for the mutagenic activity. Some of the contaminants were separated by preparative thin layer chromatography, and the starting materials of the azo-dyes, i. e. p-aminoazobenzene (AB) and o-aminoazotoluene (oAT), were found to be the main mutagenic contaminants. |
|
Cell. 2018 Jan 11;172(1-2):249-261.e12. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.12.019.IF=36.216(2019)
Cell Metab. 2020 Mar 3;31(3):534-548.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.01.002.IF=22.415(2019)
Mol Cell. 2017 Nov 16;68(4):673-685.e6. doi: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.022.IF=14.548(2019)
ACS Nano. 2018 Apr 24;12(4): 3385-3396. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.7b08969.IF=13.903(2019)
Nature Plants. 2016 Dec 22;3: 16206. doi: 10.1038/nplants.2016.205.IF=13.297(2019)
Sci Adv. 2018 Oct 24;4(10): eaat6994. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6994.IF=12.804(2019)
