| Description: |
Ginsenoside F2, an autophagic initiater, which has anti-cancer, and anti-obesity activities. Ginsenoside F2 inhibited the growth and invasion of cancer, and activated the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction. Ginsenoside F2 suppresses hair cell apoptosis and premature entry to catagen more effectively than finasteride, it decreases the expression of TGF-β2 and SCAP proteins, the factors in the SCAP pathway could be targets for hair loss prevention drugs. |
| Targets: |
PPAR | TGF-β/Smad | Wnt/β-catenin | Caspase | MMP(e.g.TIMP) |
| In vitro: |
| J Ginseng Res. 2012 Jan; 36(1): 86–92. | | Anti-Cancer Effect of Ginsenoside F2 against Glioblastoma Multiforme in Xenograft Model in SD Rats[Pubmed: 23717108] | The glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults. Despite combination treatments of radiation and chemotherapy, the survival periods are very short.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the potential of ginsenoside F2 (F2) to treat GBM. In in vitro experiments with glioblastoma cells U373MG, F2 showed the cytotoxic effect with IC50 of 50 μg/mL through apoptosis, confirmed by DNA condensation and fragmentation. The cell population of cell cycle sub-G1 as indicative of apoptosis was also increased. In xenograft model in SD rats, F2 at dosage of 35 mg/kg weight was intravenously injected every two days. This reduced the tumor growth in magnetic resonance imaging images. The immunohistochemistry revealed that the anticancer activity might be mediated through inhibition of proliferation judged by Ki67 and apoptosis induced by activation of caspase-3 and -8. And the lowered expression of CD31 showed the reduction in blood vessel densities. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 for invasion of cancer was also inhibited. The cell populations with cancer stem cell markers of CD133 and nestin were reduced.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The results of this study suggested that F2 could be a new potential chemotherapeutic drug for GBM treatment by inhibiting the growth and invasion of cancer. |
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| In vivo: |
| Eur J Pharmacol. 2014 May 5;730:82-9. | | The inductive effect of ginsenoside F2 on hair growth by altering the WNT signal pathway in telogen mouse skin.[Pubmed: 24613976] | This study was conducted to confirm the possibility of using minor ginseng saponin F2 by oral administration on hair anagen induction effects.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The signaling pathway and anagen induction effect of ginsenoside F2 were investigated and compared with finasteride on the effect of hair growth induction. The cell-based MTT assay results indicated that the proliferation rates of HHDPC and HaCaT treated with F2 significantly increased by 30% compared with the finasteride-treated group. A western blot study showed that the expression of β-catenin Lef-1 and DKK-1 increased by 140, 200% and decreased by 40% in the F2-treated group, respectively compared to that of finasteride-treated group. C57BL/6 mice were subjected to the same treatments. The hair growth promotion rates were compared with groups treated with finasteride, which was 20% higher in the F2-treated group. Tissue histological analysis results showed the number of hair follicles, thickness of the epidermis, and follicles of the anagen phase which increased in the F2-treated group, compared with the finasteride-treated groups. Moreover, the effect of F2 on hair growth was confirmed through the immunofluorescence (IF) methods indicating the expression aspect of Wnt signal pathway-related factors in the tissue of C57BL/6 mouse.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our results considered the expression increase in β-catenin, Lef-1 which was suggested as a major factor related to the development and growth of hair follicle and the decrease in DKK-1 when entering catagen by F2. As the data showed, F2 might be a potential new therapeutic source for anagen induction and hair growth through the Wnt signal pathway. |
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